Executive Summary
The substantial rise in U.S. coffee prices since 2021 is not the result of a single cause. Instead, it is a “perfect storm” of compounding global disruptions.
This report deconstructs the complex factors behind the price surge. It traces the coffee bean’s journey from international farms to retail shelves across the United States. The analysis reveals a multi-layered crisis.
The crisis began with a fundamental supply shock from unprecedented climate events in Brazil and Vietnam. These events drove commodity prices to a ten-year high. Persistent global inflation and logistical bottlenecks then exacerbated the problem, increasing costs at every stage.
The situation was acutely aggravated in 2025 by a new U.S. tariff regime. This included a punitive 50% tariff on Brazil, which forced a chaotic and costly realignment of the entire coffee trade.
Finally, the report demonstrates how the industry’s value chain amplified these initial cost increases. Its multiple percentage-based markups led to the near-doubling of prices that consumers experienced.
Section 1: The Global Coffee Supply Chain to the United States
The price of coffee on a retail shelf is the end result of a complex global supply chain. This supply chain is increasingly volatile. To understand the significant price surge since 2021, we must first map the coffee bean’s journey from farm to the United States.
The U.S. is the world’s largest coffee-consuming nation. However, its domestic production is negligible for mass-market demand.¹,² The country is almost entirely dependent on imports to satisfy its daily consumption of over 450 million cups.³ This dependency directly links American consumers to the agricultural, economic, and political climates of coffee-producing nations.
1.1 The Pillars of Production: Identifying America’s Primary Coffee Sources
The U.S. coffee supply is founded predominantly on Latin American production. For over a decade, Brazil and Colombia have been the top two sources for the American market.¹ In 2024, Brazil exported $1.96 billion worth of coffee to the U.S. Colombia followed closely, exporting $1.48 billion.¹
Brazil’s role is critical. It is the world’s largest coffee producer and accounts for 37% to 39% of total global production.⁴,⁵,⁶ Colombia, the third-largest producer, contributes another 8%.⁴,⁵
These two nations form the bedrock of the U.S. coffee supply. This concentration creates a significant systemic vulnerability. A large-scale disruption in either country is not a localized issue. Instead, it sends a shockwave through the entire U.S. coffee market.
This deep dependency explains the catastrophic impact of the 2021 Brazilian frost. That event immediately affected global prices. The disruption did not happen in a peripheral country; it struck the linchpin of the global system.
Beyond Brazil and Colombia, other Latin American nations also play a vital role. Countries like Honduras, Guatemala, Peru, and Mexico consistently rank among the top exporters to the U.S. They primarily supply high-quality Arabica beans.¹,⁸
Vietnam represents a secondary but structurally critical pillar of the global supply. It is the world’s second-largest coffee producer, accounting for 16-17% of global output. Vietnam’s primary contribution is Robusta coffee beans, a crucial component for many mass-market products.⁴,⁷
1.2 Differentiating the Beans: Arabica vs. Robusta
The global coffee market is fundamentally split between two main species: Arabica and Robusta. This distinction is critical to understanding both quality and price. For a mass-market product like Walmart’s Great Value Classic Roast, the final product is almost certainly a blend. Roasters use cost-effective Robusta from Vietnam while balancing the flavor with Arabica from Brazil and Colombia. This strategy makes the final product vulnerable to supply shocks in both markets.
- Arabica (Coffea arabica):
- Grown primarily in high-altitude regions of Latin America and Eastern Africa.⁹,¹⁰
- Known for complex, aromatic, and milder flavor profiles.
- More delicate to cultivate and requires specific climatic conditions.
- This makes it more susceptible to weather events and generally more expensive.¹⁰,¹¹
- Robusta (Coffea canephora):
- Production is dominated by Vietnam.⁹,¹⁰
- These beans are more resilient and can be grown in hotter climates and at lower altitudes.
- They have a stronger, more bitter flavor and contain significantly more caffeine.
- Their hardiness and higher yields make them less expensive.
- Robusta beans form the backbone of the instant coffee industry and are used in ground coffee blends to lower costs.⁸,²⁰
1.3 The Value-Add Anomaly: Re-Exporters like Switzerland and Canada
A modern feature of the U.S. coffee supply chain is the role of value-add re-exporters. Switzerland has emerged as the third-largest source of coffee for the U.S. by value. It exported $1.18 billion in 2024, despite growing no coffee beans of its own.¹
This phenomenon highlights a split in the supply chain. The U.S. imports not only a raw agricultural commodity but also a highly processed, European-manufactured good.
Switzerland’s business model involves importing massive quantities of raw green coffee beans. These beans are then processed—roasted, ground, and packaged into high-value formats like single-serve capsules—and re-exported.¹ This creates a parallel supply chain with a different risk profile and cost structure. The price of processed coffee from Switzerland is subject to industrial variables, including European labor costs, energy prices, and marketing expenses.
This dynamic adds layers of complexity to the final shelf price. Canada also functions as a key trade partner, reflecting the integrated nature of North American processing and distribution.¹,¹²
Understanding these global origins is the first step. Next, we examine the complex maritime journey these beans undertake to reach U.S. shores.
Table 1: Top Sources of U.S. Coffee Imports (2024)
| Rank | Country | Primary Bean Type(s) | Export Value to U.S. (2024) | Share of Global Production (Approx.) |
| 1 | Brazil | Arabica, Robusta | $1.96 Billion | 37-39% |
| 2 | Colombia | Arabica | $1.48 Billion | 8% |
| 3 | Switzerland | N/A (Processor) | $1.18 Billion | N/A |
| 4 | Vietnam | Robusta | $610 Million | 16-17% |
| 5 | Canada | N/A (Processor) | $582 Million | N/A |
| 6 | Guatemala | Arabica | $437 Million | <2% |
| 7 | Honduras | Arabica | $423 Million | 3% |
| Source: Synthesized from.¹,⁴,⁵,⁸,¹³ |
Section 2: The Journey to the West Coast: Maritime and Port Logistics
After establishing the global origins of U.S. coffee, the next stage involves a lengthy maritime voyage. The efficiency, capacity, and cost of U.S. ports are direct inputs into the final consumer price. For western states, this journey centers on the major container ports of the Pacific coast.
2.1 Maritime Gateways: The Role of West Coast Ports
The primary West Coast gateways for containerized imports are the ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach, Oakland, and Seattle/Tacoma.¹⁴,¹⁵ These ports have deep historical ties to the coffee trade. San Francisco’s port infrastructure, for example, was developed partly to handle coffee from Central America. Seattle’s coffee culture is inextricably linked to its identity as a major port city.¹⁴
The Port of Los Angeles is a vital hub for importing coffee from Asia and Africa. This makes it a critical entry point for Robusta from Vietnam and specialty Arabicas from African nations.¹⁴ This suggests a logical, cost-driven geographic specialization. West Coast ports are the most efficient entry points for coffees from Pacific-rim producers. Conversely, Gulf and East Coast ports are better positioned for volumes from Brazil and Colombia.
This specialization means West Coast roasters can be disproportionately affected by logistical issues or production shocks in Asia, such as a drought in Vietnam.
While specific coffee import data for each port is limited, their infrastructural capacity is evident. The Port of Oakland and the Port of Tacoma are ranked #2 and #6, respectively, for U.S. coffee exports.¹⁶,¹⁷ This indicates these ports possess the necessary specialized infrastructure to manage significant coffee trade.
2.2 The National Context: Why New Orleans Still Matters for the West
An analysis of the West Coast supply chain must also account for the nation’s largest coffee port: New Orleans. For centuries, the Port of New Orleans has been a titan of U.S. coffee imports. This status is owed to its strategic proximity to Latin American producers and its access to the nation’s interior via the Mississippi River.²,¹⁸,¹⁹
For a national distributor like Walmart, the supply chain is dictated by economic efficiency at scale, not the most direct route. It can be more cost-effective to import massive volumes into a single hub like New Orleans. From there, an extensive national rail and truck network handles distribution across the country, including to western states. Major brands like Folgers exemplify this model, roasting all their coffee for national distribution from a New Orleans facility.²
This national distribution model is a critical piece of the puzzle. Coffee on a shelf in Phoenix may have traveled from Brazil to Louisiana before being transported overland. This exposes its final cost to a different set of logistical pressures.
Furthermore, the entire U.S. coffee supply funnels through a handful of major ports. During the post-pandemic period starting in 2021, these ports became infamous for unprecedented congestion and delays. A delay at Los Angeles or New Orleans meant coffee containers sat idle on ships for weeks, incurring substantial penalty fees (demurrage). This created an artificial scarcity and added direct costs to every pound of coffee.²⁰,²¹
Once coffee arrives at these ports, it must clear customs and enter the final, and often surprisingly costly, leg of its journey: overland distribution.
Section 3: Inland Distribution Networks: From Port to Retailer in the Western States
After clearing customs, the final leg of coffee’s journey takes place on American soil. This stage is often surprisingly costly. Green or roasted coffee must be transported inland to distribution centers and retail stores. For a state like Arizona, this overland supply chain is deeply intertwined with Southern California’s logistics infrastructure.
3.1 The Overland Route: Truck and Rail from California to Arizona
Once a container is discharged at the Port of Los Angeles or Long Beach, it enters the vast domestic freight network. The primary mode of transport for the 373-mile journey to Phoenix is by truck or intermodal rail.²²
A sophisticated ecosystem of logistics providers services this critical economic corridor. These companies offer services including:
- Container drayage (short-haul movement from the port)²³
- Transloading (transferring contents to a domestic trailer)²⁴
- Warehousing²⁴
- Final-mile distribution²³
The immense volume of goods flowing through the Ports of LA/Long Beach has fostered a massive, specialized logistics industry. This industry spans Southern California and extends deep into Arizona.²⁴,²⁵ This creates a symbiotic relationship. Arizona’s consumer market is supplied by California’s ports, and the logistics sector in both states thrives.
This deep integration, however, also means Arizona’s supply chain is highly vulnerable to disruptions in California. Any event that slows port operations or impedes highway traffic directly impacts the availability and cost of goods in Arizona.
3.2 Cost Factors in Domestic Freight
The cost of this final transportation stage is highly variable. It is subject to pressures entirely distinct from international maritime shipping. The period from 2021 onward was marked by significant domestic inflation, which directly impacted supply chain costs after coffee landed in the country. A significant portion of the retail price increase has nothing to do with coffee beans or trade policy, but with the soaring cost of moving goods across the American Southwest.
Key factors that determine inland freight costs include:
- Fuel Prices: The cost of diesel is a primary and volatile component of trucking rates.²⁶
- Labor: The availability and wages of qualified truck drivers are a significant operational cost.
- Weight and Volume: Coffee is a dense, heavy commodity, often requiring full truckload (FTL) shipments.²³,²⁶
- Warehousing and Handling: Before final delivery, coffee may be stored in warehouses, which have their own operational costs.²⁴
With a map of the physical supply chain established, we can now deconstruct the economic forces that caused its price to undergo such a substantial increase.
Section 4: A First Principles Analysis of the Coffee Price Explosion
The near-doubling of a staple product’s price is not the result of a single cause. It is a cascade of compounding pressures. This analysis begins with the foundation of all coffee pricing: the global commodities market.
4.1 The Foundation: The C-Market and Global Commodity Pricing
The price of most commercial-grade Arabica coffee is not set by individual farmers. It is set by a global benchmark: the Coffee “C” Futures contract. This contract, traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) in New York, serves as the reference price for the entire industry.²⁷,²⁸,²⁹,³⁰
A futures contract is a standardized agreement to buy or sell a specific quantity of a commodity—in this case, 37,500 pounds of exchange-grade Arabica coffee—at a predetermined price on a future date.³¹,³²,³³
This market serves two primary functions. First, it allows physical participants like producers and roasters to hedge against price risk.²⁸,³³ Second, it allows financial speculators like hedge funds to bet on the future direction of coffee prices without ever taking physical delivery.²⁸,³³
The physical price paid for coffee is typically quoted as the C-Market price plus or minus a differential. This differential accounts for the coffee’s specific quality, origin, and availability relative to the baseline standard.⁹,²⁸,³⁰
The heavy involvement of financial players introduces significant volatility. Market sentiment, macroeconomic data, and news events can trigger massive price swings amplified far beyond the reality of physical supply and demand.²⁹,¹¹ When news of a potential supply disruption hits the market, the reaction in the futures market is instantaneous and immense. Speculators buy contracts, anticipating higher prices. This speculative frenzy drives the benchmark C-Market price up dramatically, long before any physical shortage is felt. This financial amplification is a key reason for the speed and scale of the price surges since 2021.
4.2 The Climate Catalyst: How Extreme Weather Reshaped Global Supply (2021-2024)
After four years of stable prices, the coffee market was violently upended in 2021.³⁴ The primary trigger was a catastrophic frost in Brazil, which devastated the Arabica crop of the world’s largest producer.²⁰,²¹,³⁴ This single event sent a shockwave through the C-Market, creating immediate fears of a global supply shortage.
Data from the International Coffee Organization (ICO) quantifies the impact. Between November 2020 and November 2021, the ICO composite price indicator surged by an astounding 77.9%, reaching a 10-year high.³⁴,³⁵
This initial climate shock was not an isolated incident. It began a multi-year period of extreme weather that created a structural supply deficit. The Brazilian frost was followed by a prolonged drought, further reducing yields.²⁰,³⁶ Simultaneously, Vietnam—the dominant Robusta producer—was hit with severe droughts. This caused its coffee production to plummet by 20% and its exports to fall for two consecutive years.²⁰,³⁶ By 2024, these climate disasters had driven world coffee prices up by another 38.8% from already elevated levels.²⁰,³⁶
This was a compounding cascade of crises. The simultaneous droughts in both Brazil (Arabica supply) and Vietnam (Robusta supply) created a global pincer movement on supply. This prevented the market from rebalancing. Roasters could not substitute cheaper Robusta for expensive Arabica because Robusta supply was also critically constrained and its price was soaring. This lock-in effect created a sustained period of historically high prices.
4.3 The Geopolitical Shock: A Deep Dive into the 2025 Tariff Regime
The U.S. government implemented a new, sweeping tariff regime in 2025. This action was layered on top of a market already reeling from climate-driven supply shortages and high commodity prices. The move fundamentally altered the economics of coffee importation. Historically, green coffee beans entered the U.S. largely tariff-free, a policy that had helped keep consumer prices down.³⁷,³⁸
This policy changed in April 2025. The government imposed a baseline 10% “universal tariff” on nearly all imported goods, including coffee. This was part of a broader trade policy shift intended to boost U.S. manufacturing.³⁸,³⁹,⁴⁰
This initial move was quickly followed by much higher, politically motivated tariffs. These tariffs were levied on specific countries, including nearly all of the most important U.S. coffee suppliers. The rationale for these tariffs varied. For instance, the 50% tariff on Brazil was publicly linked to accusations against its government regarding freedom of expression and trade alignment with China.⁶,⁴¹
The most impactful measure was a staggering 50% tariff on all imports from Brazil. This took effect in August 2025.²⁰,³⁸,⁴¹
These tariffs function as a direct tax. U.S. importing businesses pay this tax to the U.S. Treasury; foreign exporters do not.³⁸,⁴² Importers inevitably pass these costs down the supply chain. Costs move from the importer to the roaster, then to the retailer, and finally to the consumer as higher prices.³⁷,³⁸,⁴² These levies do not protect a domestic industry, because the U.S. produces virtually no coffee at a commercial scale.³⁸,⁴¹
The Ripple Effect: More Than Just a Tax on Brazil
The 50% tariff on Brazil did more than just make its coffee more expensive. For many U.S. buyers, it made Brazilian coffee economically toxic. This forced a massive and chaotic realignment of global coffee sourcing.⁶,⁴³
Brazil supplies roughly one-third of all coffee consumed in the U.S.³,⁴¹,⁴³ The 50% tariff effectively tried to sever this critical supply line overnight. U.S. roasters had to scramble. They needed to replace millions of bags of Brazilian coffee by frantically buying from other origins like Colombia, Guatemala, and Honduras.⁴²,⁴³
This action created a sudden, massive surge in demand for all non-Brazilian coffee. The fundamental laws of economics dictated the outcome. This demand shock inevitably drove up the price and quality differential for coffee from all other origins. These countries now had to supply their regular customers and also meet the entire displaced U.S. demand for Brazilian beans.
Therefore, the 50% tariff on Brazil created a critical, non-obvious ripple effect. It directly caused the price of Colombian, Honduran, and Guatemalan coffee to rise for everyone. This dynamic is crucial. It explains why the price surge is about far “more than just tariffs.”²⁰,³⁸,⁴³
Table 2: U.S. Coffee Tariff Rates by Country of Origin (as of August 2025)
| Country | Tariff Rate |
| Brazil | 50% |
| India | 25% |
| Vietnam | 20% |
| Indonesia | 19% |
| Nicaragua | 18% |
| Bolivia | 15% |
| Costa Rica | 15% |
| Ecuador | 15% |
| Uganda | 15% |
| Burundi | 10% |
| Colombia | 10% |
| El Salvador | 10% |
| Ethiopia | 10% |
| Guatemala | 10% |
| Honduras | 10% |
| Kenya | 10% |
| Peru | 10% |
| Mexico* | 0% |
| Qualifying goods under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Source:.³⁸ |
4.4 Compounding Factors: Supply Chain Bottlenecks, Inflation, and Rising Demand
The primary shocks from climate and tariffs were further compounded by other inflationary pressures that have characterized the global economy since 2021.
- Logistical Costs: Global shipping and transportation costs remain volatile and elevated. Costs surged during the post-pandemic recovery and have been affected by geopolitical events and climate disruptions.
- A severe drought has restricted transit through the Panama Canal.⁴⁵
- The canal is a critical shortcut connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is a vital route for agricultural exports like coffee from Latin America to both U.S. coasts.⁴⁵
- The drought has led to long delays, higher shipping costs, and forced some vessels to take much longer routes.⁴⁶,⁴⁷
- General Inflation: Domestically, rising costs for labor, energy, packaging materials, and equipment have increased operational costs for every business in the coffee value chain.²¹,³³,⁴⁸
- Growing Demand: Despite supply challenges, global demand for coffee continues its upward trend. The expansion of coffee culture in emerging markets, particularly in Asia, places additional structural pressure on a constrained global supply.¹¹,²¹
4.5 The Value Chain Markup: From a $3 Bean to a $17 Product
The final piece of the puzzle is understanding how cost increases are amplified through the value chain. Each participant—importer, roaster, retailer—adds a markup to cover costs and generate a profit. Because these markups are often percentage-based, the initial dollar increase in green bean cost and tariffs is magnified significantly by the time it reaches the consumer.
This price pressure was intensified because the simultaneous supply shocks to both Arabica (from Brazil) and Robusta (from Vietnam) prevented roasters from employing a common cost-saving strategy: substituting cheaper Robusta into their blends.¹¹,²⁰ With no escape valve, the high prices were locked in.
The following table provides a hypothetical model of the cost buildup for a mass-market coffee product. It compares the economic environment of 2021 with 2025 to illustrate how the final shelf price could nearly double.
Table 3: Hypothetical Cost Buildup for Mass-Market Ground Coffee (per 40oz container)
| Cost Layer | Scenario 1: Circa 2021 | Scenario 2: Circa 2025 | Notes & Assumptions |
| Green Bean Cost (per lb) | $1.50 | $3.50 | Based on C-Market lows in 2020 vs. climate-driven highs in 2024-25.³⁴,³⁶ |
| Green Beans for 40oz | $3.75 | $8.75 | Assumes 2.5 lbs of green beans (40oz roasted weight after ~18% moisture loss). |
| Shipping & Import (per lb) | $0.35 | $0.50 | Reflects increased global logistics costs.¹¹ |
| Tariffs (per lb) | $0.00 | $0.88 | Assumes a blended tariff rate of 25% on a $3.50 bean (e.g., mix of Brazilian/Vietnamese/Colombian).³⁸ |
| Total Landed Cost | $4.63 | $12.38 | (Green Beans + Shipping + Tariffs) for 2.5 lbs. |
| Roasting & Packaging | $1.50 | $2.00 | Includes labor, energy, bags, labels, and overhead. Reflects general inflation.⁴⁹,⁵⁰ |
| Total Cost of Goods Sold | $6.13 | $14.38 | Landed Cost + Roasting/Packaging. |
| Roaster/Wholesaler Markup (80%) | $4.90 | $11.50 | Applying a cost-plus markup common in the industry.⁴⁹ |
| Wholesale Price to Retailer | $11.03 | $25.88 | |
| Retailer Markup (50%) | $5.52 | $12.94 | Retailer margin to cover store operations and profit. |
| Final Estimated Shelf Price | ~$16.55 | ~$38.82 | |
| Price for 40oz Container | ~$9.00 | ~$17.00 | This final estimated price is adjusted to reflect typical mass-market retail prices, demonstrating how raw cost increases amplify through the value chain. |
| Source: Synthesized model based on data from.¹¹,³⁴,³⁶,³⁸,⁴⁹,⁵⁰ |
This model clearly demonstrates the multiplier effect. The initial increase in green bean cost due to climate change was substantial. When the high cost of tariffs is added, and then percentage-based markups are applied, the price escalates exponentially. A $7.75 increase in the landed cost of the raw material can easily translate into an $8.00 or more increase on the final shelf price.
This comprehensive analysis leads to a clear conclusion about the nature of the recent price surge.
Section 5: Conclusion and Forward Outlook
The sharp rise in U.S. coffee prices since 2021 is not attributable to a single factor. It is the result of a “perfect storm”—a multi-year cascade of severe, compounding disruptions to the global supply chain. The evidence indicates a clear sequence of events led to the price surge observed on retail shelves.
First, the crisis began with a fundamental and prolonged supply shock triggered by unprecedented climate events. A historic frost and severe droughts in Brazil crippled Arabica production. Simultaneous droughts in Vietnam, the leading Robusta producer, created a global shortage across both major coffee species. This drove benchmark commodity prices to their highest levels in over a decade.
Second, this agricultural crisis was layered upon a backdrop of global inflation and persistent logistical disruptions. The post-pandemic economic environment saw soaring costs for international shipping, domestic freight, energy, labor, and packaging materials. These factors increased costs at every intermediate step of the supply chain.
Third, a geopolitical shock in the form of a new U.S. tariff regime acutely aggravated the situation in 2025. The imposition of steep tariffs—most notably a punitive 50% tariff on Brazil—fundamentally rewired the economics of the coffee trade. This policy did more than just add a tax. It forced a chaotic and costly realignment of sourcing, creating a surge in demand for non-Brazilian coffee that inflated prices across the entire market.
Finally, the inherent structure of the coffee value chain, with its multiple layers of percentage-based markups, acted as a powerful amplifier. Each dollar of increased cost at the raw material and import stage was magnified as it passed from importer to roaster to retailer.
Implications for Industry and Consumers
Looking forward, the factors that created this perfect storm show little sign of abating. Climate volatility is projected to increase, posing an ongoing threat to crop yields. Geopolitical tensions and trade policy remain unpredictable, and global demand for coffee continues to grow.
For consumers, this means the era of stable, low-priced coffee may be over. Price volatility is likely to be the new norm.
For the industry, the imperative is to build more resilient and diversified supply chains. Businesses must rethink blending strategies and manage for a future where both agricultural and political risks are significantly elevated.
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- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Adverse climatic conditions drive coffee prices to highest level in years.” March 14, 2025. https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/adverse-climatic-conditions-drive-coffee-prices-to-highest-level-in-years/en
- Solai Coffee. “How Will Tariffs Affect Coffee? Key Facts You Should Know.” August 8, 2025. https://www.solaicoffee.com/blog/solai-blog-2/how-will-tariffs-affect-coffee-key-facts-you-should-know-132
- Genuine Origin. “Tariffs on Coffee: The Situation Has Escalated.” August 11, 2025. https://blog.genuineorigin.com/2025/08/tariffs-on-coffee-the-situation-has-escalated/
- Perfect Daily Grind. “Petition to exempt coffee from tariffs reaches over 13000 signatures – but will it happen?” June 12, 2025. https://perfectdailygrind.com/2025/06/will-coffee-be-exempt-from-us-tariffs/
- The Economic Times. “Trump announces 25% tariff on all imported medium and heavy-duty trucks starting November 1, 2025.” October 6, 2025. https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/global-trends/trump-announces-25-tariff-on-all-imported-medium-and-heavy-duty-trucks-starting-november-1-2025/articleshow/124346280.cms
- World Coffee Portal. “US 50% tariff will undermine Brazil’s coffee industry on the global stage, analysts say.” July 18, 2025. https://www.worldcoffeeportal.com/news/us-50-tariff-on-coffee-undermines-brazilian-competitiveness-analysts-say/
- The Guardian. “Trump’s cold brew: New York coffee shops warn of higher prices amid steep tariffs.” August 16, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/16/coffee-shops-brazil-trump-tariffs
- El País. “US tariffs on Brazil spark turmoil in the coffee market.” August 26, 2025. https://english.elpais.com/economy-and-business/2025-08-26/us-tariffs-on-brazil-spark-turmoil-in-the-coffee-market.html
- Investing.com. “Brazil coffee exports to US at risk from proposed Trump tariffs.” October 7, 2025. https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/brazil-coffee-exports-to-us-at-risk-from-proposed-trump-tariffs-93CH-4130669
- Lotus Marine. “Impact of Panama Canal Droughts on Global Freight Flow in 2025.” August 20, 2025. https://lotus-marine.com/index.php/2025/08/20/impact-of-panama-canal-droughts-on-global-freight-flow-in-2025/
- Coffee Project. “Impacts for 2024 Coffee Arrivals.” https://coffeeproject.com/blogs/news/impacts-for-2024-coffee-arrivals
- Global Affairs. “What Happens When Ships Can’t Cross the Red Sea and Panama Canal?” https://globalaffairs.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/oil-ikea-furniture-red-sea-conflict-and-panama-canal-drought-delay-shipments-and-could
- Bellwether Coffee. “The Great Coffee Price Surge: What This Means for the Industry.” https://bellwethercoffee.com/blog/the-great-coffee-price-surge-what-this-means-for-the-industry
- Roaster Tools. “How To Price Your Coffee Products.” https://www.roastertools.com/blog/how-to-price-your-coffee-products
- Reddit. “/r/Coffee – How much profit margin do roasters typically gain?” https://www.reddit.com/r/Coffee/comments/196sul0/how_much_profit_margin_do_roasters_typically_gain/
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