Section 1: Executive Summary
Advanced nuclear reactor initiatives at Texas A&M University represent a pivotal moment in the United States’ pursuit of next-generation energy solutions. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of these projects. It clarifies the roles of associated federal programs and addresses why these highly touted technologies face a commercialization timeline extending to 2028 and beyond.
The advanced nuclear landscape involves two distinct but related spheres of activity.
- The Texas A&M-RELLIS Campus Initiative: This is the primary commercial and research effort. The campus serves as a national “proving ground” for multiple private reactor developers, including Aalo Atomics.¹
- Project JANUS: This is a separate, strategic military program from the U.S. Army. It is designed to accelerate microreactor deployment for national security purposes.²
This push for advanced nuclear is driven by an urgent need for dependable, constant, and clean energy. Escalating power demands from technologies like artificial intelligence and data centers, combined with national decarbonization goals, are creating this need.³˒⁴
The extended timeline for widespread commercial rollout is not an indicator of technological deficiency. Instead, it is a realistic reflection of the formidable, interlocking challenges inherent in launching a new nuclear paradigm. This analysis concludes that four principal factors drive the protracted schedule.
Key Factors Driving the 2028+ Timeline
- A Complex and Evolving Regulatory FrameworkAdvanced reactors use novel coolants, fuels, and safety systems. They cannot be licensed under legacy regulations designed for conventional light-water reactors. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is developing a new, technology-inclusive framework (10 CFR Part 53).⁵ However, this new rule will not be finalized until late 2027.⁶ This forces developers to design and seek approval for their systems against regulations that are still in flux, creating significant uncertainty and unavoidable delays.
- The Mandatory Technology Maturation LifecycleCommercial deployment is the final stage of a multi-year, capital-intensive development process. Before a commercial license can be granted, developers must build, operate, and collect extensive performance data from lower-power demonstration reactors. The public timelines for these mandatory precursor projects are set for operation between 2026 and 2027.⁷˒⁸˒⁹ This schedule creates a hard floor for the start of any subsequent commercial licensing and construction phase.
- Critical and Unresolved Supply Chain BottlenecksThe most significant impediment to rapid deployment is the lack of a domestic, commercial-scale supply chain for critical components and fuels.¹⁰ Chief among these is High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU), which many advanced reactor designs require.¹¹ The U.S. currently has no commercial HALEU production capacity and relies on government stockpiles and foreign suppliers like Russia.¹²˒¹³ Establishing a robust domestic supply chain is a multi-year, multi-billion-dollar endeavor that must proceed in parallel with reactor development.¹³
- Significant First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) Economic HurdlesThe long-term economic promise of these reactors lies in mass manufacturing and economies of scale. However, the first units will be exceptionally expensive.¹⁴ These First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) projects bear the full burden of non-recurring engineering costs, licensing fees, and supply chain establishment.¹⁵ Attracting the patient, high-risk private capital needed to navigate this pre-revenue “valley of death” is a major challenge that inherently extends the timeline.
In summary, the 2028-or-later timeline is not a sign of failure. It is a pragmatic acknowledgment of the systemic requirements for safely and successfully commercializing a transformative energy technology.
The initiatives at Texas A&M represent a coordinated national effort to overcome these hurdles, supported by the strategic pull of federal programs like JANUS. However, the path to a scaled, commercial advanced nuclear industry is fundamentally a marathon, not a sprint.
Section 2: Decoding the Landscape: The Texas A&M Initiative and Project JANUS
To fully understand the dynamics of the advanced nuclear resurgence, it is essential to distinguish between two key initiatives. While separate, they create a powerful symbiotic ecosystem for development and deployment.
The first is the commercially focused, university-led proving ground at the Texas A&M-RELLIS campus. The second is the mission-driven, military-led catalyst known as Project JANUS.
2.1 The RELLIS Campus: A National Proving Ground for Commercial Reactors
The Texas A&M University System has strategically positioned its 2,400-acre RELLIS campus in Bryan, Texas, as a national hub for advanced technology development. It has a specific focus on becoming a “test bed” or “proving ground” for the next generation of nuclear reactors.⁴˒¹⁶
This initiative is not a single project. It is a broad, multi-partner platform designed to leverage private sector innovation and capital to address growing energy demands.³ The primary driver is the exponential growth in electricity consumption from technologies like artificial intelligence and large-scale data centers. These technologies require a source of carbon-free, uninterrupted power that intermittent renewables cannot provide alone.³
Development at RELLIS is proceeding through two parallel tracks with five key private sector partners.
- The Pilot Project: The first deployment is a pilot project with Last Energy. This project will feature the company’s PWR-5 reactor, a 5-megawatt electrical (MWe) version of its commercial PWR-20 design.¹⁷ Testing is expected to begin as early as summer 2026.¹⁸
- The Strategic Partnership: A broader partnership includes four additional developers: Kairos Power, Natura Resources, Aalo Atomics, and Terrestrial Energy.¹⁹ This cohort aims to build multiple commercial-scale reactors on the RELLIS campus, with a potential combined output of over one gigawatt (1,000 MWe).¹⁹
The university’s role extends far beyond simply providing land. Texas A&M is an active enabler, creating an ecosystem to accelerate development. The university leverages its top-ranked Department of Nuclear Engineering to provide research support and a pipeline of talent.²⁰˒²¹
Critically, the System is also streamlining the complex regulatory pathway. It is proactively applying to the NRC for an Early Site Permit (ESP) for the entire RELLIS campus.²² An ESP certifies that a site is suitable for a nuclear facility, a process that can take years. By undertaking this process itself, Texas A&M de-risks the site for its partners and significantly shortens their project timelines.
Furthermore, the university is committed to helping the companies secure funding and identify customers for the power generated.¹
2.2 Project JANUS: The Military’s Catalyst for Microreactor Deployment
Project JANUS is a separate and distinct initiative from the activities at RELLIS. It is a joint program launched in October 2025 by the U.S. Army and the Department of Energy (DOE).² Its explicit goal is to deploy a commercial microreactor on a domestic military base within three years.²
The program is a direct response to a presidential executive order that serves as a powerful forcing function for the industry. This order mandates that the Department of Defense (referred to as the Department of War in some official communications) must have an Army-regulated advanced nuclear reactor operating at a military installation no later than September 30, 2028.²˒²³
The strategic imperative behind JANUS is to enhance national security by ensuring energy resilience for critical military facilities. By deploying microreactors, these bases can operate independently of the civilian electrical grid, which is vulnerable to various threats.²⁴ The reactors will be commercially owned and operated, with the military acting as a long-term customer.²
To meet its aggressive 2028 deadline, the program is designed to “shred red tape.”²˒²⁴ It employs an innovative, milestone-based contracting model modeled after NASA’s successful Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.²˒²⁴ This approach provides funding as companies achieve technical milestones, reducing financial risk and incentivizing progress.
While operationally separate, the JANUS and RELLIS initiatives are fundamentally interconnected. Project JANUS effectively functions as a government-backed “first customer” for an emerging technology. Securing the first buyer is a monumental challenge for any new, high-capital technology. The government, driven by a unique national security requirement, is willing to procure this capability and help de-risk the technology for the commercial sector.
The hard deadline of September 30, 2028, creates a powerful sense of urgency throughout the industry. It forces developers, manufacturers, and regulators to align their efforts toward a concrete goal. This government-led demand signal makes the commercial ventures at RELLIS significantly more attractive to private investors.
In this way, Project JANUS acts as the catalyst. It provides the initial market pull and technological validation that makes the RELLIS “proving ground” a viable platform for commercial scaling.
Section 3: The Technology Portfolio: A Deep Dive into the Reactors Slated for RELLIS
The companies partnering with Texas A&M represent a comprehensive portfolio of promising Generation IV and advanced reactor designs. This technological diversity is a strategic choice. It creates a competitive ecosystem where different approaches to safety, efficiency, and economics can be tested and validated.
3.1 Last Energy: The Incumbent Technology, Miniaturized
Last Energy’s approach is the most technologically conservative, a strategic advantage in a risk-averse industry. The company is developing a micro-scale Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), a technology that is the workhorse of the global nuclear industry.¹⁷˒²⁵
The core of its strategy is to leverage decades of operational data, established regulations, and mature supply chains associated with conventional PWRs.²⁶ By miniaturizing a well-understood design into a modular, factory-fabricated format, the company aims to dramatically reduce construction time and cost.²⁵ Their primary challenge is not technical novelty but proving the economic case for a small PWR. (See Table 3.1 for a comparative overview).
3.2 Aalo Atomics: Powering the Digital Future
Aalo Atomics is developing a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR), a Generation IV technology. Its “Aalo Pod” is a modular 50 MWe power plant explicitly “purpose-built for data centers,” targeting a market with a massive need for reliable, carbon-free power.¹˒²⁷ (See Table 3.1 for a comparative overview).
SFRs offer several advantages.
- Low-Pressure Operation: They operate at near-atmospheric pressure, which inherently eliminates the risks of high-pressure coolant accidents common to PWRs.²⁸
- High Efficiency: Liquid sodium coolant allows for very high operating temperatures, leading to greater thermal efficiency.²⁸
- Waste Reduction: Their “fast” neutron spectrum allows them to “burn” long-lived nuclear waste, enhancing fuel sustainability.²⁸˒²⁹
The primary technical challenges involve the safe handling of chemically reactive liquid sodium and developing materials that can operate in the high-temperature environment.²⁸
3.3 Natura Resources & Terrestrial Energy: The Molten Salt Revolution
Two companies at RELLIS, Natura Resources and Terrestrial Energy, are developing Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). This revolutionary technology uses a liquid fluoride or chloride salt as the primary coolant, a fundamental departure from conventional solid-fuel reactors. (See Table 3.1 for a comparative overview).
- Natura Resources is developing a 100 MWe reactor where the uranium fuel is dissolved directly into the molten salt coolant, creating a homogenous liquid fuel.¹⁹˒³⁰
- Terrestrial Energy is developing a 195 MWe Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR). Its design places all primary components inside a sealed, replaceable reactor vessel.³¹
MSR technology offers profound advantages, including high efficiency and low-pressure operation.³² Their safety case is compelling: in an emergency, the fuel salt can be passively drained into a safe configuration where it cools and solidifies, trapping radioactive products.³³
However, the challenges are equally significant. The hot, radioactive salt is highly corrosive, requiring the development of advanced alloys.³³ The unique physics of a liquid-fueled reactor also demand a completely new regulatory approach from the NRC.
3.4 Kairos Power: A Hybrid Approach to Safety
Kairos Power is developing a Fluoride Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor (FHR). This design combines the best attributes of two different advanced reactor concepts.¹⁹ It uses a robust, coated-particle fuel known as TRISO but cools it with a low-pressure liquid fluoride salt.¹⁹ (See Table 3.1 for a comparative overview).
This hybrid approach creates multiple, redundant layers of safety. The TRISO fuel particles are tiny, virtually indestructible kernels of uranium that can withstand extreme temperatures without melting, making the fuel itself meltdown-proof.⁷ This robust fuel is then cooled by a low-pressure liquid fluoride salt, which has superior heat transfer capabilities and cannot boil away in an accident.³⁴
The combination results in a reactor with an exceptionally high degree of inherent and passive safety. The primary challenges for Kairos Power lie in the supply chain, as its design requires both a reliable source of HALEU fuel and advanced materials for the molten salt loop.
The diverse technology portfolio at RELLIS is a calculated strategy by the Texas A&M System. It is currently unclear which of these competing technologies will ultimately prove most economical, scalable, and licensable. By hosting a range of designs, Texas A&M avoids betting on a single “winner” and ensures the RELLIS campus will remain a central hub for the U.S. nuclear renaissance.
The following table offers a comparative analysis of these diverse technologies, guiding the reader through their key operational parameters, strategic advantages, and critical development challenges.
Table 3.1: Comparative Analysis of Reactor Technologies at Texas A&M RELLIS
| Developer | Reactor Type | Coolant | Fuel Type / Enrichment | Est. Power Output | Key Advantages | Critical Dependencies / Challenges |
| Last Energy | Micro Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) | Light Water | Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) | 5-20 MWe | Proven technology, simpler supply chain, established regulatory path²⁶ | Economic competitiveness at small scale |
| Aalo Atomics | Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) | Liquid Sodium | Uranium Dioxide ($UO_2$) / LEU | 50 MWe (per 5-reactor Pod) | High efficiency, low-pressure operation, passive safety, burns actinides²⁸˒²⁹ | Sodium handling complexity, materials qualification²⁸ |
| Natura Resources | Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) | Molten Salt | Liquid Uranium Salt / HALEU | 100 MWe | Inherent safety (low pressure), less waste, high temperature for industrial heat³² | Materials corrosion, complex fuel chemistry, novel regulatory path³³ |
| Terrestrial Energy | Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) | Molten Salt | Standard LEU | 195 MWe | Uses standard LEU (avoids HALEU), inherent safety, sealed core-unit³¹ | Materials corrosion, licensing a novel design |
| Kairos Power | Fluoride Salt-Cooled High-Temp Reactor (FHR) | Fluoride Salt | TRISO Pebbles / HALEU | 150 MWe (dual unit) | Meltdown-proof fuel, low-pressure coolant, high-temperature heat³⁴ | HALEU fuel supply, graphite supply chain, materials qualification¹² |
Section 4: Analysis: The “Great Technology, Long Rollout” Paradox
The central paradox is that a transformative technology will take nearly a decade to reach commercial maturity. This is not a sign of weakness. It reflects the profound challenges of deploying any first-of-a-kind nuclear system. The 2028-or-later timeline is the logical outcome of four interlocking, multi-year processes.
4.1 The Regulatory Gauntlet: Licensing First-of-a-Kind Reactors
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) operates under a mandate to provide “reasonable assurance of adequate protection” for public health and safety.³⁵ This high standard makes the nuclear licensing process one of the most demanding in the world. For decades, this process has been codified in regulations developed specifically for large, light-water reactors (LWRs).³⁶
However, the advanced reactors at RELLIS are fundamentally different. They use novel coolants, fuels, and physical principles. Applying the old, LWR-based rules to these new designs is inefficient and often inappropriate. For example, rules for high-pressure steel vessels do not apply to a molten salt reactor that operates at atmospheric pressure. This mismatch forces developers into a lengthy and costly cycle of seeking exemptions, wasting time and resources.⁵
Recognizing this, the NRC is creating a completely new licensing framework: 10 CFR Part 53.⁵˒³⁷ The goal of Part 53 is to create a flexible, performance-based set of rules that can be applied to any reactor technology, focusing on its specific risks rather than prescriptive requirements.⁶ To mitigate uncertainty during this transition, developers engage in extensive “pre-application engagement” with the NRC for years before submitting a formal application.³⁶
While essential for the industry’s long-term success, the development of Part 53 is a major source of near-term delay. The process of drafting, proposing, and finalizing such a complex rule is a multi-year effort. According to the NRC’s schedule, the final rule is not expected until the end of 2027.⁶
This creates a “moving target” problem for developers. They must base their safety analyses on draft regulations that could change significantly. They cannot submit a final application until the rules are finalized. This regulatory timeline alone makes a commercial deployment before 2028 a virtual impossibility.
4.2 From Blueprint to Reality: The Technology Maturation Lifecycle
Commercial deployment is not the beginning of the journey for an advanced reactor; it is the culmination. The NRC’s safety-first mandate requires that claims made in a license application must be backed by extensive, verifiable physical data, not just computer simulations.
This means that before a company can apply for a commercial license, it must first build and operate a non-commercial test or demonstration reactor. This step proves the technology works as predicted. This iterative development process is mandatory and non-negotiable.
The timelines for these essential precursor projects directly dictate the earliest possible start date for any commercial follow-on. Public schedules for the developers at Texas A&M reveal a clear pattern:
- Kairos Power‘s Hermes demonstration reactor is projected to be operational in 2027.⁷
- Natura Resources‘ MSR-1 demonstration reactor is on track for operation in 2026.⁸˒³⁰
- Aalo Atomics‘ Aalo-X experimental reactor is targeting criticality by July 4, 2026.⁹˒³⁸
These timelines establish a clear causal chain. Data collection from these test reactors will run from 2026 through 2027 and beyond. Only after this phase can companies finalize the comprehensive reports required for a commercial license application. The NRC’s review of these first-of-a-kind applications is expected to take at least one to two years.
A simple summation of these mandatory, sequential steps demonstrates that the earliest a commercial project could realistically begin is in the 2028-2029 timeframe. The long timeline is a direct function of the physics and regulatory realities of demonstrating new nuclear technology.
4.3 The Achilles’ Heel: Critical Supply Chain Bottlenecks
Even if regulatory and technology hurdles were cleared instantly, the industry would face its most formidable challenge: the absence of a robust, domestic supply chain for specialized fuels and materials.
The most acute problem is the HALEU Fuel Crisis. High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU) is fuel enriched to between 5% and 20% U-235, higher than conventional fuel.¹¹ Many advanced designs require HALEU to achieve their compact size and enhanced efficiency.¹¹
The problem is stark: there is currently no commercial-scale HALEU production capability in the United States or anywhere outside of Russia and China.¹²˒¹³ This creates an unacceptable energy security vulnerability and a massive roadblock to deployment.
As a mitigation strategy, the DOE has established a HALEU Availability Program to provide small, initial quantities of the material by downblending government-owned uranium.³⁹ While vital for test reactors, this is a temporary stop-gap. Building new domestic commercial enrichment facilities is a multi-billion-dollar, multi-year process with its own lengthy licensing and construction timeline.¹³
Beyond fuel, challenges extend to other materials. The U.S. has limited or no domestic capacity for nuclear-grade graphite or the ultra-large forgings needed for some reactor vessels.¹² Suppliers are hesitant to make necessary capital investments without firm, long-term orders from developers—orders that cannot be placed until designs are licensed and financed.⁴⁰ This creates a classic “chicken-and-egg” problem.
4.4 Economic Realities and First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) Hurdles
The ultimate vision for these reactors is to drive down costs through the “economy of multiples” by shifting to standardized, factory-based manufacturing. However, the first units will experience the opposite: a significant cost premium.¹⁴ These First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) projects bear the full, non-recurring costs of initial design, engineering, testing, and licensing.¹⁵
Securing the massive private investment required for these FOAK projects is a formidable challenge. Investors face a daunting array of risks:
- Regulatory risk (the design might not be approved).
- Technology risk (the reactor might not perform as projected).
- Market risk (the final cost of electricity might not be competitive).
This combination of high upfront costs and significant risk means the industry is navigating a financial “valley of death.” Companies must spend hundreds of millions of dollars over nearly a decade on non-revenue-generating activities before building their first commercial plant.
Government programs like the DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) and the Army’s Project JANUS are crucial financial bridges. They provide public funding and market certainty to help private companies survive this perilous phase and reach commercial viability.
These significant upfront costs are characteristic of any pioneering technology. The long-term economic vision is predicated on the “economy of multiples”.¹⁵ Once initial designs are proven, developers plan to shift from costly on-site construction to a streamlined, factory-based model.⁴¹ This approach is projected to dramatically drive down costs and make advanced nuclear power highly competitive.⁴²
Section 5: Projected Timelines and Strategic Outlook
Synthesizing the interplay of regulation, technology, supply chains, and economics allows for the construction of a realistic, evidence-based timeline. The outlook is one of cautious optimism, acknowledging the immense challenges while recognizing the unprecedented alignment of public and private will to overcome them.
5.1 Synthesizing a Realistic Timeline
The path to commercialization can be understood as a sequence of distinct, overlapping phases. The 2028 date serves as a key inflection point, marking the transition from demonstration to initial commercial deployment.
- Phase 1: The Demonstration and Licensing Phase (2024-2027)This phase is defined by two parallel critical paths. The first is the construction and commissioning of precursor test reactors (Hermes, MSR-1, Aalo-X).⁷˒⁸˒⁹ The second is the finalization of the NRC’s 10 CFR Part 53 regulatory framework, scheduled for completion by the end of 2027.⁶
- Phase 2: The FOAK Commercialization Phase (2027-2030)Assuming success in Phase 1, this period will see the submission and review of the first commercial license applications for sites like RELLIS. This aligns with statements from industry leaders projecting a 2028-2029 timeframe for the start of the first commercial projects.¹⁷ Construction could commence within this window, with initial grid connection possible at the very end of the decade.
- Phase 3: The Scaling Phase (Post-2030)Widespread deployment, where multiple reactors are built annually, is a post-2030 prospect. This phase is contingent on the successful operation of the FOAK units and the full maturation of the domestic HALEU fuel supply chain. The early to mid-2030s is a realistic timeframe for when advanced nuclear could be deployed in significant numbers.
5.2 Conclusion: An Optimistic but Challenging Path Forward
This analysis confirms that a technology of immense promise faces a long path to market. This is not a contradiction but an accurate reflection of the nuclear sector’s realities. The timeline extending to 2028 and beyond is a sober acknowledgment of the immense challenges inherent in launching a new nuclear paradigm safely.
The initiatives at Texas A&M’s RELLIS campus represent the most significant effort in a generation to revitalize the U.S. nuclear industry. The unique convergence of a world-class university, innovative private companies, strong state support, and strategic federal demand has created a powerful ecosystem for success.
However, the path forward remains challenging. The 2028 target for initial commercial operation should be viewed as an ambitious goal, not a guaranteed outcome. A significant delay in any critical path dependency—a test project setback, a regulatory schedule slip, or slow HALEU production—could easily push widespread deployment further into the next decade.
The key takeaway is that the “long rollout” is not a flaw in the plan. It is a necessary feature of the rigorous process required to develop, license, and deploy a safe, reliable, and ultimately transformative new source of clean energy. The success of this Texas-based initiative could serve as a national blueprint, positioning the United States to reclaim its leadership in nuclear innovation and secure a carbon-free energy future.
Works Cited
- Aalo Atomics. “Aalo Partners with Texas A&M University to Contribute to 1 GW for Data Centers.” Aalo.com. February 4, 2025. https://www.aalo.com/post/aalo-partners-with-texas-a-m-university-to-contribute-to-1-gw-for-data-centers
- MeriTalk. “Army, DOE Unveil Janus Program for Next-Gen Microreactor.” October 14, 2025. https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-doe-unveil-program-janus-for-next-gen-microreactor/
- GovTech. “Texas A&M to Offer Land for Nuclear Reactors.” GovTech.com. https://www.govtech.com/education/higher-ed/texas-a-m-to-offer-land-for-nuclear-reactors
- Texas A&M University System. “Texas A&M University System To Bring Nuclear Reactors To Texas A&M-RELLIS.” TAMU.edu. May 29, 2024. https://stories.tamu.edu/news/2024/05/29/texas-am-university-system-to-bring-nuclear-reactors-to-rellis/
- American Nuclear Society. “Part 53 aims to create a clear licensing path for advanced reactors.” ANS.org. March 12, 2025. https://www.ans.org/news/2025-03-12/article-6847/part-53-aims-to-create-a-clear-licensing-path-for-advanced-reactors/
- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. “Part 53 – Risk Informed, Technology-Inclusive Regulatory Framework for Advanced Reactors.” NRC.gov. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/advanced/modernizing/rulemaking/part-53
- U.S. Department of Energy. “Kairos Power Starts Construction of Hermes Reactor.” Energy.gov. July 30, 2024. https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/kairos-power-starts-construction-hermes-reactor
- Natura Resources. “Development.” NaturaResources.com. https://www.naturaresources.com/development
- American Nuclear Society. “Aalo breaks ground in Idaho.” ANS.org. September 3, 2025. https://www.ans.org/news/2025-09-03/article-7338/aalo-breaks-ground-in-idaho/
- MIT Nuclear Science and Engineering. “No fuel? No party! Shining a light on the nuclear energy challenge.” MIT.edu. https://nse.mit.edu/canes-symposium-nuclear-energy-challenge/
- World Nuclear Association. “High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU).” World-Nuclear.org. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/high-assay-low-enriched-uranium-haleu
- Clean Air Task Force. “Advanced Nuclear Energy Supply Chains.” CATF.us. October 10, 2025. https://www.catf.us/2025/10/advanced-nuclear-energy-supply-chains/
- International Atomic Energy Agency. “Fuelling the Future: Building Fuel Supply Chains for SMRs and Advanced Reactors.” IAEA.org. https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/fuelling-the-future-building-fuel-supply-chains-for-smrs-and-advanced-reactors
- Nuclear Energy Agency. “Small Modular Reactors: Challenges and Opportunities.” OECD-NEA.org. March 2021. https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2021-03/7560_smr_report.pdf
- Energy Sustainability Directory. “What Are the Challenges of SMRs Deployment?” Energy.Sustainability-Directory.com. https://energy.sustainability-directory.com/question/what-are-the-challenges-of-smrs-deployment/
- Texas A&M University System. “Texas A&M System Announces An Agreement To Build A Nuclear Reactor On The RELLIS Campus.” WTAW.com. October 15, 2025. https://wtaw.com/texas-am-system-announces-an-agreement-to-build-a-nuclear-reactor-on-the-rellis-campus/
- Mugglehead Magazine. “Texas A&M to host first reactor in Trump’s nuclear pilot initiative.” Mugglehead.com. https://mugglehead.com/texas-am-to-host-first-reactor-in-trumps-nuclear-pilot-initiative/
- Texas A&M University System. “Last Energy, Texas A&M Collaborate to Launch Microreactor Pilot at Texas A&M-RELLIS.” TAMUS.edu. https://news.tamus.edu/last-energy-texas-am-collaborate-to-launch-microreactor-pilot-at-texas-am-rellis/
- Texas Chemistry Council. “Texas A&M picks 4 companies to deploy cutting-edge nuclear reactors at Rellis Campus.” TexasChemistry.org. February 4, 2025.(https://texaschemistry.org/aws/TCC/ctrb/261670/651091/$$Contact%20ID$$?c=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaschemistry.org%2Faws%2FTCC%2Fpt%2Fsd%2Fnews_article%2F584665%2F_PARENT%2FTCC_layout_details%2Ftrue&i=30)
- Texas A&M University Engineering. “Department of Nuclear Engineering.” TAMU.edu. https://engineering.tamu.edu/nuclear/index.html
- Texas A&M University Engineering. “Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering.” TAMU.edu. https://engineering.tamu.edu/nuclear/academics/degrees/graduate/ms.html
- Texas A&M University System. “Texas A&M System Goes Nuclear.” TAMU.edu. February 4, 2025. https://stories.tamu.edu/news/2025/02/04/texas-am-system-goes-nuclear/
- FX168 Financial News Agency. “The US military advances its nuclear energy strategy! ‘Project Janus’ ignites the small nuclear energy sector.” FutuNN.com. https://news.futunn.com/en/post/63344730/the-us-military-advances-its-nuclear-energy-strategy-project-janus
- Mugglehead Magazine. “U.S. Army launches Janus Program to deploy nuclear microreactors by 2028.” Mugglehead.com. https://mugglehead.com/u-s-army-launches-janus-program-to-deploy-nuclear-microreactors-by-2028/
- Last Energy. “News & Press.” LastEnergy.com. https://www.lastenergy.com/news-press
- Jorgenson, Eric. “Scaling Nuclear Energy, Saving The World – Bret Kugelmass of Last Energy.” EJorgenson.com. https://www.ejorgenson.com/podcast/bret-kugelmass
- Aalo Atomics. “Aalo Pod.” Aalo.com. https://www.aalo.com/post/aalo-reveals-microreactor-solution-for-data-centres
- Generation IV International Forum. “Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR).” Gen-4.org. https://www.gen-4.org/generation-iv-criteria-and-technologies/sodium-fast-reactor-sfr
- MDPI. “Advanced Nuclear Reactors—Challenges Related to the Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel.” MDPI.com. August 1, 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/4080
- PR Newswire. “Natura Resources Advancing Nation’s First Gen IV Nuclear Reactor.” PRNewswire.com. October 14, 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/natura-resources-advancing-nations-first-gen-iv-nuclear-reactor-302583716.html
- Wikipedia. “Terrestrial Energy.” Wikipedia.org.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Energy)
- International Atomic Energy Agency. “Molten salt reactors.” IAEA.org. https://www.iaea.org/topics/molten-salt-reactors
- ANSTO. “The evolution of molten salt reactors.” ANSTO.gov.au. https://www.ansto.gov.au/our-science/nuclear-technologies/reactor-systems/advanced-reactors/evolution-of-molten-salt
- Taylor & Francis Online. “A Neutronic Study of a Prismatic Fluoride Salt–Cooled High-Temperature Reactor Core Design.” TandFOnline.com. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00295639.2022.2146436
- Nuclear Innovation Alliance. “Licensing 101.” NuclearInnovationAlliance.org. October 2024. https://nuclearinnovationalliance.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/Licensing%20101%20-%20October%202024.pdf
- Third Way. “New Nuclear Reactor Licensing 101.” ThirdWay.org. https://www.thirdway.org/blog/new-nuclear-reactor-licensing-101
- Regulations.gov. “10 CFR Part 53: Risk-Informed, Technology-Inclusive Regulatory Framework for Advanced Reactors.” Regulations.gov.(https://www.regulations.gov/docket/NRC-2019-0062)
- Aalo Atomics. “Aalo Selected by DOE to Test Aalo-X, Targeting Criticality by July 4th, 2026.” Aalo.com. August 12, 2025. https://www.aalo.com/post/aalo-selected-by-doe-to-test-aalo-x-targeting-criticality-by-july-4th-2026
- U.S. Department of Energy. “HALEU Availability Program.” Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/ne/haleu-availability-program
- Idaho National Laboratory. “Advanced Reactor Supply Chain Assessment.” INL.gov.(https://inldigitallibrary.inl.gov/sites/sti/sti/Sort_64923.pdf)
- U.S. Department of Energy. “Benefits of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).” Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/ne/benefits-small-modular-reactors-smrs
- U.S. Department of Energy. “4 Key Benefits of Advanced Small Modular Reactors.” Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/4-key-benefits-advanced-small-modular-reactors
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.